ReutersIsrael has launched what it described as “precise and targeted” airstrikes on Iran in retaliation for Tehran’s barrage of missile strikes against Israel earlier this month.
It’s the latest in a series of exchanges between Israel and Iran that for months have sparked fears of an all-out regional war.
But while Iran says the strikes against military sites killed two soldiers, early indications suggest the attacks were more limited than had been feared.
Here’s what we know.
How did the attacks unfold?
Shortly after 02:00 local time (23:30 BST), Iranian media reported explosions in and around the capital, Tehran.
Video uploaded to social media and verified by the BBC showed projectiles in the sky over the city, while residents in some areas reported hearing loud booms.
Around 02:30, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) confirmed it was carrying out “precise” strikes on “military targets” in Iran.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defence Minister Yoav Gallant followed the operation from the IDF’s command and control centre in Tel Aviv.
Just after 06:00, the IDF said the strikes had concluded.
The White House described the strikes as an “exercise of self-defence”. A senior administration official said the US had worked with Israel to encourage a “targeted and proportional” response.
What was the scale of the attacks?
The extent of the attacks – and the damage caused – remains unclear at this stage.
The IDF said targets including missile manufacturing facilities, surface-to-air-missiles and other military sites had been hit.
The Iranian military confirmed that two soldiers had died “while battling projectiles”.
Iranian authorities said sites in Tehran, Khuzestan and Ilam provinces were targeted. The country’s air defence said it had “successfully intercepted” the attacks, but that “some areas sustained limited damage”.
A senior US administration official said the attacks did not include Iranian oil infrastructure or nuclear facilities, targets President Joe Biden had urged Israel not to hit.
Syrian state media also reported strikes on military sites in central and southern Syria, though Israel has not confirmed striking the country.
Why did Israel attack Iran?
Iran is the primary backer of a range of groups across the Middle East – often described as proxy groups – that are hostile to Israel, including Hamas and Hezbollah, which Israel is currently at war with.
In April, Iran launched its first direct attack on Israel, with about 300 missiles and drones, in retaliation for an Israeli air strike on an Iranian embassy compound in Syria that killed several top commanders from Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
Israel responded with a “limited” strike on a missile defence system in the Iranian region of Isfahan.
Then, in July, Israel killed a top Hezbollah commander in an airstrike on Beirut. The next day, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was killed in an explosion in Tehran. Iran blamed Israel, though Israel did not comment.
In late September, Israel assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut and Brig-Gen Abbas Nilforoushan, a high-ranking Iranian official.
On October 1, Iran launched 200 ballistic missiles at Israel, which it said was in response to the deaths of Haniyeh and Nasrallah.
What happens next?
Early signs indicate this attack was not as serious as some had feared.
The US outlet Axios reported that prior to the attacks, Israel sent Iran a message revealing certain details about the attack, and warning Tehran not to respond.
That could be a sign Israel does not want to escalate the situation further – at least for now.
“We are focused on our war objectives in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. It is Iran that continues to push for a wider regional escalation,” the IDF said in a statement.
A senior US official said “this should be the end of this direct exchange of fire between Israel and Iran.”
The response in Iran, so far, has been limited.
A source quoted by Iran’s IRGC-affiliated Tasnim news agency said: “Iran reserves its right to respond to any aggression and there is no doubt that Israel will receive a proportionate response to any action.”
How has the world responded?
UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer said Israel had the right to defend itself, but urged all sides to “show restraint” and called for Iran not to respond.
US National Security Council spokesman Sean Savett said Israel’s response “avoided populated areas and focused solely on military targets, contrary to Iran’s attack against Israel that targeted Israel’s most populous city”.
But Washington’s aim, he added, is “to accelerate diplomacy and de-escalate tensions in the Middle East region.”
Saudi Arabia condemned the attack, and warned against any action that “threatens the security and the stability” of the region.
Egypts foreign ministry echoed those concerns, saying it was “gravely concerned” by the strikes.
Hamas described them as “a flagrant violation of Iranian sovereignty, and an escalation that targets the security of the region and the safety of its peoples”.