First visualization of valence electrons reveals fundamental nature of chemical bonding: « The behavior of the electrons in atoms is complex, forming electron orbitals that have different functions depending on their closeness to the nucleus. »

https://phys.org/news/2024-08-visualization-valence-electrons-reveals-fundamental.html

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  1. « The inner shell electrons, called core electrons, are used for self-stabilization and do not interact with other atoms. On the other hand, the outer electrons, or valence electrons, define most of the material’s properties, especially during bonding with other atoms. »